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| 508 BC |
| | | Cleisthenes, brought to power by popular support, puts into effect a major programme of political reform in Athens | |
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| 487 BC |
| | | Ostracism is introduced in Athens as a way of getting rid of unpopular politicians | |
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| 462 BC |
| | | With the army away, Pericles introduces full democracy for all Athenian citizens, enabling them to vote and participate in the administration of the state | |
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| 139 BC |
| | | A secret ballot is instituted for Roman citizens, who mark their vote on a tablet and place it in an urn | |
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| 726 |
| | | The Venetians for the first time elect their own doge, acting independently of the Byzantine governor in Ravenna | |
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| c. 850 |
| | | Communal gatherings, the thing and the larger althing, are the distant origins of Scandivian parliaments | |
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| 930 |
| | | An althing of chieftains establishes the commonwealth of Iceland, which will survive for more than three centuries | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | Iceland's parliament, the althing, passes a resolution that everyone on the island is to be baptized | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Many of the towns of northern Italy acquire virtual independence as self-governing communes | |
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| 1188 |
| | | Representatives of the towns in Léon are summoned to one of the earliest known parliaments | |
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